Hello World CGI Script in Perl

A CGI script can be as simple or complex as you need it to be. It could be in Perl, Java, Python or any programming language. At its core, a CGI application simply takes a request via HTTP (typically a web browser) and returns HTML. Lets look at a simple Perl  Hello World CGI script and break it down into its simplest forms. Hello World CGI Perl Script #!/usr/bin/perl print Content-type: text/html\n\n; print HTML; html head titleA Simple Perl CGI/title /head body h1A Simple Perl CGI/h1 pHello World/p /body HTML exit; If you run the program on the command line, youll see that it does exactly what youd expect. First, it prints the Content-type line, then it prints the raw HTML. In order to see it in action in a web browser, youll need to copy or upload the script to your web server and make sure the permissions are set correctly (chmod 755 on *nix systems). Once youve set it correctly, you should be able to browse to it and see the page displayed live on your server. The key line is the first print statement: print Content-type: text/html\n\n; This tells the browser that the document coming after the two newlines is going to be HTML. You must send a header so the browser knows what type of document is coming next, and you must include a blank line between the header and the actual document. Once the header is sent, its just a matter of sending the HTML document itself. In the above example, were using a here-doc to simplify printing a large chunk of plain text. Of course, this is really no different than having a plain HTML document sitting on your server. The real power of using a programming language like Perl to create your HTML comes when you add in some fancy Perl programming. Adding on to the Basic Script In the next example, lets take part of this  time and date script and add it to your web page. #!/usr/bin/perl months qw(Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec); weekDays qw(Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun); ($second, $minute, $hour, $dayOfMonth, $month, $yearOffset, $dayOfWeek, $dayOfYear, $daylightSavings) localtime(); $year 1900 $yearOffset; $theTime $weekDays[$dayOfWeek] $months[$month] $dayOfMonth, $year; print Content-type: text/html\n\n; print HTML; html head titleA Simple Perl CGI/title /head body h1A Simple Perl CGI/h1 p$theTime/p /body HTML exit; This new CGI script will insert the current date into the page each time the script is called. In other words, it becomes a dynamic document that changes as the date changes, rather than a static document.

Business Ethics Gumdrop Northern Essay - 1597 Words

In Gumdrop Company, there were various ethical issues identified when it was operating in America. The unethical aspects caused various problems to not only the company, but also other persons using its products. These issues eventually led to the closure of the company in America through corrupt and improper channels; but it opened up new branches in Argentina and Columbia. One of the ethical issues was production of landmines that were banned by the international community. This concern is founded on the fact that landmines were used in wars and the effects they have on the land and residents are too hazardous to be accepted. The landmines pose as severe threats to not only the planters, but also unsuspecting humans and animals. By†¦show more content†¦Contrary to the armors’ requirements, the ones developed by Gumdrop were substandard and they barely protected the wearers. This was irresponsibility and greed; in addition, it was an aspect of disrespect for human life. The company failed in its mandate of ensuring that the soldiers were safe during an attack and practiced indecency by manufacturing substandard products and keeping quite to protect their contract. The management should have come clean about the conditions of the armors and either ask the soldiers to return the armors already in use for exchange or give out new armors that would assure the soldiers of security and safety. The company should have taken responsibility and admit its error to the military and try to re-negotiate the contract terms rather than jeopardizing the lives of the soldiers, who entrusted their lives on the jackets. The company hence broke the trust that was entrusted on it by the soldiers and the citizens by making the soldiers vulnerable. Admitting to failures and taking responsibility not only helps in re-building the trust and credibility of an organization, but also illustrates strong character of responsibility and accountability (Fieser, 2011, p. 1). These characters were however not available in Gumdrop and instead, the major concern was the retention of the contract for increased economic gains. The substandard products

History Of A Transparent Membrane Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

A regular flow of aqueous temper base on ballss through a squashy tissue, known as trabeculate net, and Schlemms canal. Flexing of the TM pumps aqueous temper from the anterior chamber to SC through a series of valves crossing SC. The valves deliver the aqueous temper further on to venas in the sclerotic coat [ 38, 50, 51 ] . We will write a custom essay sample on History Of A Transparent Membrane Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The aqueous flow is controlled and powered by the force per unit area difference during systole and diastole of the cardiac rhythm, the respiration, eye blink and oculus motion [ 51 ] . The abode clip of about 100 proceedingss of the fluid allows the exchange of foods and waste to and from the lens and cornea [ 43, 52 ] . A force per unit area bead of about 0.8kPa ( 6 mmHg ) occurs as the aqueous temper progresses into the aqueous venas but this force per unit area bead can increase drastically in eyes affected by glaucoma [ 52 ] . Figure 2-8 illustrates how a force per unit area addition causes the aqueous valves within the TM to compact, diminishing the lms drastically and cut downing outflow and hence doing an accretion of AH taking to still higher IOP [ 51, 53 ] . The maximal force per unit area that can happen in an orb is set by the highest force per unit area degree in the ciliary arteria, which is, on norm, about 60mmHg ( 8.0kPa ) ( Figure 2-6 ) . Beswick et Al. [ 54 ] and H eys et Al. [ 55 ] define the trabeculate net permeableness ( kTM ) which they estimate to be 2.1 A- 10-9ms-1Pa-1 for normal IOP. The cornea is a crystalline membrane and belongs to the external portion of the outer hempen adventitia. The chief map of the cornea is to refract light into the oculus. The curvature of the cornea is greater than the remainder of the oculus and the junction with the sclerotic coat is known as sulcus sclerae. The thickness of the cornea varies between 1.2mm and 0.5mm from the outer ring of the cornea, the sulcus sclerotic coat, to the Centre. The cardinal corneal thickness ( CCT ) varies by +/-20 % between persons [ 13, 56 ] . Feltgen et Al. [ 57 ] reported that they had measured CCT in 72 patients and found a scope of 0.448 to 0.713mm. Elsheikh et Al. [ 58 ] have used CCT values of 0.32mm to 0.72mm in their numerical theoretical account to imitate distortion differences of the cornea when using an applanation device ( Goldman applanation tonometer ) . Doughty and Zaman [ 56 ] calculated the CCT from 300 informations sets from literature ( from 1968-1990 ) and calculated the CCT for corneas which were designated as normal and found the norm to be 0.534mm. The radius of curvature of human corneas has been found to be 7.9mm [ 56, 57, 59 ] . The cornea consists of 5 beds: the corneal epithelial tissue, the anterior modification membrane ( Bowman ‘s membrane ) , the chief organic structure of the cornea, substantia propria, the posterior modification lamina and the endothelium of the anterior chamber ( Figure 2-9 ) . The Young ‘s Modulus of cornea has been measured utilizing a assortment of trial methods. Smolek et Al. [ 61 ] , for illustration, have applied an internal force per unit area to human orbs in vitro and have measured the ensuing radius of curvature. They so calculated the Young ‘s Modulus utilizing LaPlace ‘s Law, i.e. presuming that the orb behaves as a thin-walled domain with changeless radius of curvature and wall thickness: where P is the known force per unit area in the orb, R is the known mensural curvature radius which can be rearranged to strive in the cornea and T is the known mensural cardinal cornea thickness. In the force per unit area scope of 2.1kPa ( 16mmHg ) to 2.8kPa ( 21 mmHg ) they found Young ‘s Modulus to be changeless at 1.03GPa. Hoeltzel et Al. [ 37 ] carried out uniaxial cyclic tensile trials on four cornea strips cut from human eyes of mean CCT 0.82mm, length 10mm-30mm and width about 2mm. The samples were tested up to strains of 0.08 % at a strain rate of 2.7A-10-4s-1 to 8.3A-10-4s-1 depending on sample length ( changeless distortion rate 0.05mm/min ) . To qualify the information, the same power jurisprudence was used as Hubbard and Chun [ 37 ] ( Equation ( 2-1 ) ) . The value of I? was about changeless at near to 2.0 for all 4 cyclic burdens, co-occuring with the power coefficient for collagen obtained by Hubbard and Chun. The I ±-value increased from 54.32MPa for the first rhythm to 98.97MPa for the 4th rhythm. The tangent moduli to the emphasis degrees of 6.4kPa and 260kPa were 0.34MPa and 0.56MPa severally, approximately tantamount to internal force per unit areas of 1.3kPa and 53kPa ( 10mmHg and 400mmHg ) severally. Elsheikh et Al. [ 62 ] presented values of Young ‘s modulus in relation to intraocular force per unit area and age. They used a cornea-sclera subdivision and applied force per unit areas up to 3.1kPa ( 35mmHg ) . Three different age groups ( 50-64, 65-79, 80-95 ) were tested and two different rates of addition of force per unit area were used ( 37.5mmHg/min and 3.75mmHg/min ) [ 63 ] . The consequences can be seen in Figure 2-11 and demo a clear decrease in Young ‘s modulus for lower rates of addition of force per unit area and a clear addition in Young ‘s modulus with age. All the measured Young ‘s moduli were in the scope of 0.16MPa and 0.96MPa. FEM simulations of the cornea have shown that values below 0.01MPa are non realistic due to the fact that the curvature radius would increase to twice that of the unpressured status when pressurised with 2.1kPa ( 16mmHg ) and that would imply a 400 % volume enlargement [ 59 ] . The big fluctuation in the mensural belongingss reviewed above can be explained with the different trials used to mensurate the belongingss ( rising prices and tensile testing ) and the extremely visco elastic behavior of the cornea which leads to a nonlinearity of the stress-strain curve and sensitiveness to fluctuations with strain rate. Therefore the â€Å" known † Young ‘s modulus varies from 0.01 to 1000MPa [ 54, 58, 59, 61, 64-67 ] . In simple footings, aqueous temper flows from the posterior chamber through the posterior tract ( spread between lens and flag ) to the anterior chamber and drains at that place through the trabeculate net ( Figure 2-10 ) . Glaucoma is defined as the status whereby aqueous temper is non able to run out at the normal rate through the trabeculate net. Even though the escape is limited, the production of aqueous temper in the ciliary organic structure continues and this leads to a force per unit area addition in the orb. The force per unit area addition distorts soft tissue within the oculus because the oculus can non freely spread out due to the hempen coating around the sclerotic coat. If the force per unit area in the oculus reaches dual its normal force per unit area of about 2kPa ( 16 mmHg ) , deformation of the nervus fibres Begins and the ocular field reduces or becomes out of focal point. Because the ocular nervus has to go through through all three adventitias ( hempen adventit ia, vascular adventitia and nervous adventitia ) , it is non enclosed in connective tissue and this makes it vulnerable to damage in glaucoma [ 38 ] . If glaucoma can be recognized at its early phases, it might be treatable utilizing drugs which cut down the production of aqueous tempers and/or constrict the student and put the border of the flag into tenseness which makes its surface more permeable to aqueous temper [ 68 ] . whereas secondary glaucomas are those where the addition in IOP is due to injury, redness or tumor of the orb. The two most common types are primary unfastened angle glaucoma and primary angle closing glaucoma. Primary open-angle glaucoma ( POAG ) is the taking cause of sightlessness [ 69, 70 ] . It can be characterised by an intraocular force per unit area above 21mmHg, an unfastened, normal looking anterior chamber angle, no eyepiece or systematic abnormalcy that might account for the raised IOP and typical glaucomatous ocular field and ocular nervus harm [ 71 ] . Figure 2-12 shows the addition of IOP caused by POAG. The black pointer shows the flow of aqueous temper from the posterior chamber to the anterior chamber. When the fluid reaches the trabeculate net it can non run out through the TM due to blockage and the force per unit area increases in the orb. Patients with primary angle-closure glaucoma ( PACG ) besides exhibit an addition in IOP ( higher than 21mmHg ) , the oculus is ruddy and the student is mid-dilated. To prove whether the trabeculate net is blocked by the flag it is necessary to measure the anterior chamber angle. Figure 2-13 illustrates how the flag can contract the angle between itself and the cornea thereby barricading the escape of aqueous tempers through the TM [ 71, 72 ] . How to cite History Of A Transparent Membrane Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Compare and Contrast Two Renassaince Paintings Essay Example For Students

Compare and Contrast Two Renassaince Paintings Essay Chose for my Italian Renaissance painting the Birth of Venus. It was painted by Sandra Bottling, who lived from 1445 to 1510, with Tempera on canvas around 1484-86 and is currently located at the Galleria dogleg Fizz, Florence, chose tort my Northern Renaissance painting the Urination Wedding by Jan van Check, who lived from 1395 to 1441, Oil on oak panel of 3 vertical boards in 1434 and is currently located in the National Gallery, London. Bottling uses a more two dimensional background in his painting while van Check uses light and linear perspective to add a sense of depth to the room. Bottling does use some limited atmospheric perspective to the land mass in the distance but it still feels very flat. Bottling uses light to highlight certain items but does not use shadow consistently throughout. Van Check on the other hand uses the window as a light source and bases shadows off of that. Both paintings use posing that was popular for the time. In Birth of Venus however, Venus is posed in a very awkward position that would be difficult to hold, not to mention she is balancing on the edge Off clamshell in water. In Reincarnation Wedding the two main subjects are posed with his right hand raised ND her holding her dress in front Of her abdomen. She gives the appearance of being pregnant but numerous art historians state that was a popular pose during the period indicating her desire to bear children. Botulisms work is more of a mythical fantasy whereas van Check is more of an everyday scene rich with symbolism. Many art scholars have debated on the meaning of these items but only van Check knows for sure, While both works are amazing to look at, they show a significant difference between the Northern Renaissance artists and the Italians.

Walking Away to Try Again free essay sample

Remembering the past can be painful. The relentless aching within your heart when you walked away from something true. Things are always easier said than done. One always realizes this fact by walking away. You experience the diminishing joy you once had, silently escaping your heart leaving your soul feeling empty and isolated. You experience the loss of addiction to love, a feeling that was always there. Love can be a dark world full of deceitful promises and crystal tears. That’s why sometimes by walking away and to try again, can give you a more desirable happiness. To obliterate the pain from the past can be done. The thought to move on can be enviable. Time is relieving of pain and savior of shattered pieces. Even though you may be a frail structure to love, risks are meant to be taken. It’s time to relinquish the anger you have trapped within. We will write a custom essay sample on Walking Away to Try Again or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Oblige yourself to break through the shield that protects your encased heart. My body found life again. By decision through faith,my heart awakened with life again. You will feel like night can give way to day. Love is a benediction! My eyes lost the sight of fear and shone with assertiveness, When trust between two devoted hearts is linked its forever. The meaning of love may be obscure to other, but it’s a gift of life given to be experienced by every individual. Knowledgeable people question the mysteries of emotion dealing with the heart. They try scrutinizing the true meaning of love, feelings and uncontrollable emotions. When you walked way to take another chance†¦ My eyes dried away their tears and my heart started to beat again. You feel overwhelmed by happiness and no regrets. The deepest fears i kept hidden has been replaced by the emotions I have longed for. To be oblivious to the outside world feels intoxicating. You will never recede to the past. You feel rectified by the sentiment of love. Walk away and render your heart to a second chance! When I walked away it gave me back my life and someone true†¦

Womens Day Quotes for March 8

Womens Day Quotes for March 8 If you thought that womens liberation has reached its zenith, think again. Though many women in progressive societies enjoy some liberty, several thousands of them are suppressed and tortured under the garb of morality. Gender discrimination exists at all levels. At the workplace, where gender inequalities are brushed under the carpet, women workers are often subjected to sexual objectification, harassment, and molestation. Women employees are discouraged from seeking higher positions in management as they are deemed as liabilities. Workplace surveys report that women receive lower wages than their male counterparts. A society that strangulates the woman that raises her voice will forever remain backward and regressive. New thoughts, ideas, and philosophy will fail to take root within the constricted walls of dominance. Perverted ideals and sexism are often the cause of womens subjugation. Help women fight their cause by recognizing them as human beings. Respect your women colleagues, friends, and family. Inspire women to take on the mantle of womens liberation. Womens Day Quotes Harriet Beecher Stowe: So much has been said and sung of beautiful young girls. Why dont somebody wake up to the beauty of old women?Brett Butler: I would like it if men had to partake in the same hormonal cycles to which were subjected monthly. Maybe thats why men declare war because they have a need to bleed on a regular basis.Katherine Hepburn: Sometimes I wonder if men and women really suit each other. Perhaps they should live next door and just visit now and then.Carolyn Kenmore: You have to have the kind of body that doesnt need a girdle in order to get to pose in one.Anita Wise: A lot of guys think the larger a womans breasts are, the less intelligent she is. I dont think it works like that. I think its the opposite. I think the larger a womans breasts are, the less intelligent the men become.Arnold Haultain: A woman can say more in a sigh than a man can say in a sermon.Ogden Nash: I have an idea that the phrase weaker sex was coined by some woman to disarm some man she was p reparing to overwhelm. Oliver Goldsmith: They may talk of a comet, or a burning mountain, or some such bagatelle; but to me a modest woman, dressed out in all her finery, is the most tremendous object of the whole creation.Aristotle Onassis: If women didnt exist, all the money in the world would have no meaning.Gilda Radner: Id much rather be a woman than a man. Women can cry, they can wear cute clothes, and theyre the first to be rescued off sinking ships.George Eliot: A womans hopes are woven of sunbeams; a shadow annihilates them.Mignon McLaughlin: A woman asks little of love: only that she be able to feel like a heroine.Stanley Baldwin: I would rather trust a womans instinct than a mans reason.Simone de Beauvoir: One is not born a woman, one becomes one.Ian Fleming: A woman should be an illusion.Stephen Stills: There are three things men can do with women: love them, suffer for them, or turn them into literature.Germaine Greer: Women have very little idea of how much men hate them.William Shakespeare, As You Like It: Do you not know I am a woman? when I think, I must speak. Mignon McLaughlin: Women are never landlocked: theyre always mere minutes away from the briny deep of tears.Robert Brault: Through sources, we have obtained the following alien assessment of the human species: The male wants to be valued for what he pretends to be. The female wants to be overvalued for what she truly is.Voltaire: I hate women because they always know where things are.Hermione Gingold: Fighting is essentially a masculine idea; a womans weapon is her tongue.Joseph Conrad: Being a woman is a terribly difficult task, since it consists principally in dealing with men.Janis Joplin: Dont compromise yourself. You are all youve got.Martina Navratilova: I think the key is for women not to set any limits.Rosalyn Sussman: We still live in a world in which a significant fraction of people, including women, believe that a woman belongs and wants to belong exclusively in the home.Virginia Woolf: As a woman I have no country. As a woman my country is the whole world.Mae West: When w omen go wrong, men go right after them. Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley: I do not wish women to have power over men; but over themselves.Gloria Steinem: I have yet to hear a man ask for advice on how to combine marriage and a career.

Final Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 9

Final - Essay Example For example, when the British and USA drones are physically present in Afghanistan, control is through satellite from USAF base outside Las Vegas, Nevada. When launched in the conflict zone, controllers carry out the operation on video screens in specially designed trailers stationed at Nevada desert. One controller ‘flies’ the drone, another operates the sensors, cameras and monitors just like a video game while the third person is in contact with the ground troops and commanders in the war zone. The CIA has been using drones in Pakistan, Afghanistan and Iraq to assassinate terrorist leaders, most notably the Al-Qaeda leader Osama Bin Laden. At least 36 American armed UAVS are present over Afghanistan and Iraq airspaces at any particular time. Many people have confused the non-flying robots for drones thereby further confusing their benefits and liabilities. Drones have several benefits among them Safety; they have greatly reduced military casualties since they carry no one. They are also significantly cheaper to purchase, fuel, operate and maintain than regular airplanes. Drones carry less risk to the military hardware since they are smaller and can fly much lower than the traditional airplanes. They have longer operational hours without fatigue since they have no human pilots. Besides, drone pilots or operators can easily hand off drone controls without any operational downtime (Collard, 2013). They are very accurate with pinpoint accuracy over great distances thus reducing collateral damage to infrastructure and civilians. Drones are also very lethal to enemy combats than regular airplanes. They have greatly increased surveillance process, reconnaissance, and general military intelligence through spying. Lastly, they a re easier and faster to deploy than most of the military alternatives. Some of the liabilities of drones include limited abilities since they cannot communicate with civilians for detailed

Steve Ballmer's New Life as an NBA Owner- TEAM BUILDER Essay

Steve Ballmer's New Life as an NBA Owner- TEAM BUILDER - Essay Example Moreover, he promises to fund the team operation and ensure that they use the most recent technology in the teams operation. Therefore, Los Angeles Clippers will charm the finest basket players in the America (Vance). Furthermore, plier to Ballmer acquisition the Los Angeles has suffered a bad reputation of favouring white players and disregarding the blacks. For this issue, Ballmer’s has vowed to address and ensure only a players ability and race will determine a Los Angeles baskets ball team (Vance). In the long run, the Los Angeles Clippers will be a top team in the country. Having invested his skills and resources in the club, Ballmer’s is ensured of a good return on investment. Moreover, by concentrating the best players the club will attract huge followers and who in return will contribute to the growth of the club finances. Therefore, Ballmer’s venture in Los Angeles Clippers will bring forth more medal than have been witnessed there before in the

No city in the world has been designed for and by the automobile as Essay

No city in the world has been designed for and by the automobile as has Los Angeles - Essay Example Seemingly, the nature and design of its city has adopted similar trends. To a large extent, its distinctive features are reflective of the auto-culture that the respective society has assumed. To begin with, the land use practices in the city of Los Angeles underscore the fact that the locals place great emphasis on the use of vehicles. In this respect, Bottles indicates that the central business district of Los Angeles has allocated up to 79% of its total area to packing facilities, garages and streets (Bottles 33). These facilities imply that a significant percentage of the inhabitants use vehicles. The sidewalks on the other hand have shrunk significantly as very few pedestrians use them. Certainly, the high use of automobiles greatly influences the urban land use decisions that are developed, implemented and enforced by the relevant authorities. Another indicator of automobile dominance in Los Angeles pertains to the increase of traffic congestion in the region. Transport and urban reports of this nation cite traffic congestion as one of the main problems that Los Angeles is currently grappling with. Although intervention measures such as improvement and expansion of the road system network have been undertaken in the recent past, the problem still persists. Relevant authorities are still taking measures to address this issue through construction of more freeways. Comparatively, these require less space than the current road network structure. The emergence and flourishing of relative automobile industries is also indicative of increasing dominance of the automobile culture. In this respect, Bottles indicates that gas stations have increased significantly, repair and auto parts stores and several other automobile dealership has increased (Bottles 47). This trend ascertains that the population greatly values the automobile. These seek to respond to the increasing and changing needs of the users. To a great extent, this also seeks to offer new

History Of The Bus Topology

History Of The Bus Topology A bus topology is a network set up in which nodes are connected to a segment of cable in the logical shape of a line, with a terminator at each end. A bus topology connects each computer or nodes to a single segment trunk. All nodes on the network share a common bus and use a multi-drop transmission medium. Bus network allows only one device to transmit at a time. A distributed access protocol determines which station is to transmit. The signal goes from one end of the bus to another. A terminator is needed at each to cut down the signal so it does not reflect back across the bus. CSMA/CA, media access method, is used to control the collisions that take place when two signals placed on the wire at the same time. There are two types of bus topology: Linear Bus Topology and Distributed Bus Topology. In Linear Bus Topology, all nodes of the network are connected to a common transmission medium which has exactly two endpoints. Distributed Bus in which all of the nodes of the network are connected to a common transmission medium which has more than two endpoints that are created by adding branches to the main section of the transmission medium. Bus networks do best with a limited number of devices. If more than limited computers are added to a bus, performance problems will be result. If the backbone cable fails, the entire network effectively becomes unusable. Fig: Bus Topology Ring Topology Ring network topology has no central server and connects computers in a circle of point-to-point connections. Each node handles its own applications. And also shares resources over the entire network. If one node becomes break down, the others are still able to maintain contact with one another. Such a network is best for decentralized systems because no priorities are required. The signal is transferred through a token for one station to the next. When a station needs to transmit, it grabs the token, attaches data and an address to it. And then routes it around the ring. The token travels along the ring till reaches the destination address. The receiving computer replies an acknowledgment to the sender source. The sender then releases the token for use by another computer. Each station on the ring has equal access but only one station can use token at a time. To allow an orderly access to the ring, a single electronic token passes from one computer to the next around the ring. A computer can only transmit data when it captures the token Fig: Ring Topology Star Topology A star topology is one of the most use common network topology where each of the devices and computers on a network connect to a central hub or sometimes just a switch. On a star network, data passes though the hub to its destination. The hub manages and controls all functions of the network. It also performs as a repeater for the data flow. In a star network, the entire network is dependent on the hub so if there is a problem with the hub, the entire network is not working. This makes it easy to troubleshoot by offering a single point for error connection and at the same time the dependency is also very high on that single point. Every computer in the network is safe when the hub is safe. This type of network also offers more privacy than any other network. The star network topology requires more cable than the usual Bus topology. A common cable that is used in star network is the UTP or the unshielded twisted pair cable. Another common cable that is used in star networks is the RJ45 or the Ethernet cables. If one computer fails in the network, it does not affect any other computer in the network and the purposes of this computer can be easily changed to the next computer easily using the controls of hub. In a Star Network Topology it is possible to have all the important data backups on the hub in a private folder so if one computer fails, it can still use data using the next computer in the network and accessing the backup files on the hub. New devices or nodes can easily be added to the Star Network by just extending a cable from the hub. Because of the hub controls everything, the addition or removal of devices are done using the hub. If the hub adds a device such as a printer or a fax machine, all the other computers on the network can access that new device by accessing the hub. The device is no need to be installed on all the computers in the entire network. The central function is cost effective and easier to maintain. Fig: Star Topology Mesh Topology A type of network configuration where each of the computers and network devices are interconnected with one another allows for most transmissions to be distributed even if one of the connections goes down. This type of topology is not commonly used for most computer networks because it is difficult and expensive to have redundant connection to every computer. In Mesh network, it can route data, voice and instructions between nodes. It allows for continuous connections and reconfiguration around broken or blocked paths by hopping from node to node until the destination is reached. A mesh network whose nodes are all connected to each other is a fully connected network. The network can still operate even when a node fails or a connection goes bad. On a mesh network, messages can send via any of several possible paths from source to destination. It employs one of two connection arrangements, full mesh topology or partial mesh topology. In the full mesh topology, each node is connected directly to each of the others. In the partial mesh topology, some nodes are connected to all the others, but some of the nodes are connected only to those other nodes with which they exchange the most data. Fig: Mesh Topology Different types of cables Different types of network cables are used depending on the kind of network. The type of cable used for a network depends on the networks topology, protocol, and size. If a network has large number of network devices, it will need cables that provide high speed and error free connectivity. Some of the cables being used today are Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) cables, coaxial cables and fiber optic cables. The UTP cable is the most popular variety, largely used for school networks as it transfers data at 100 mbps. Coaxial cables have a single copper conductor at their center. A plastic layer provides insulation between the center conductor and the braided metal shield. The outer metal shield blocks out outer interferences such as lights, motors and other computers. Fiber optic cables consist of a center glass core surrounded by several layers of protective materials. It transmits light rather than electronic signals and transfers signals over much longer distances than coaxial and twisted pair cables. Network cables are the backbone of any network. However, today several networks are switching over to other mediums of data transfer such as high frequency radio signals, and infrared light beams to connect the workstations. These systems are not only fast and effective, but also do away with the problem of maintain several hundred feet of cables spreading across the workspace. With such technologies coming to the forefront, the future may well tilt in favor of wireless systems. 10Mbps Networking Standard Cable Type Segment Length Connector 10Base2 Thin Coaxial 185 meters BNC 10BaseT Category 3, 4, 5 twisted pair 100 meters RJ-45 10BaseFL Fiber-optic 2000 meters SC/ST b) Advantages and Disadvantages of medium. Media Type Maximum Segment Length Speed Cost Advantages Disadvantages UTP 100 m 10 Mbps to 1000 Mbps Least expensive Easy to install; widely available and widely used Susceptible to interference; can cover only a limited distance STP 100 m 10 Mbps to 100 Mbps More expensive than UTP Reduced crosstalk; more resistant to EMI than Thinnet or UTP Difficult to work with; can cover only a limited distance Coaxial 500 m (Thicknet) 185 m (Thinnet) 10 Mbps to 100 Mbps Relatively inexpensive, but more costly than UTP Less susceptible to EMI interference than other types of copper media Difficult to work with (Thicknet); limited bandwidth; limited application (Thinnet); damage to cable can bring down entire network Fiber-Optic 10 km and farther (single-mode) 2 km and farther (multimode) 100 Mbps to 100 Gbps (single mode) 100 Mbps to 9.92 Gbps (multimode) Expensive Cannot be tapped, so security is better; can be used over great distances; is not susceptible to EMI; has a higher data rate than coaxial and twisted-pair cable Difficult to terminate c) Recommendation. Star topology would be the best way to use for renewing Townsville Police Department Network infrastructure because of in-house network (LAN) structure. Star topology should be also used for following reasons. Easy to install and reconfigure. No disruptions to the network when connecting or removing devices. Easy to detect faults and to remove parts. Less expensive. Includes robustness, that is, if one link fails, only that link is affected, other links remain active. It has been said that Townsville Police Department covers an area of 100 square kilometers and Townsville is divided into four districts (Northern, Eastern, Western and Southern). For that reason, the switch should be placed in the center of four districts. So, the network cable must cover 50 kilometer and the switch must be gigabit Ethernet. Therefore, UTP with cat6E is the most suitable network for such an area of network. Category 6 UTP Category 6 supports gigabit Ethernet and is recognized by standards bodies as supporting 10GBASE-T, however there are limitations that must be considered. The IEEE 802.3an standard cites a 55 meter distance limitation for standard category 6, which is not universally agreed upon within the TIA and ISO standards.TIA TSB 155 recently released a Technical Service Bulletin covering additional parameters for running 10GBASE-T on standard category 6. In this document a 37 meter distance limitation is referenced for 10GBASE-T on standards compliant category 6 systems. Between 37 meters and the IEEE referenced 55 meters, standard category 6 may support 10GBASE-T, but it is possible that the installer may have to use alien crosstalk mitigation techniques such as unbundling cables or replacing patch cords to improve the electrical parameters to allow 10GBASE-T to work properly. Above 55 meters, it is unlikely that category 6 UTP would work properly without a large amount of mitigation to reduc e alien crosstalk. A key takeaway is that using category 6 UTP for 10GBASE-T should be focused on existing installations, not new installations. The choice for new installations designed to support 10GBASE-T should be augmented category 6 UTP, STP or optical fiber systems. Category 6 Advantages  » Cost and size of media, relative to augmented category 6 and STP  » Installed base currently the dominant UTP cabling standard  » Installation widely accepted Category 6 Disadvantages  » Limited distance for 10GBASE-T  » External noise suppression at 100 m, relative to shielded systems or augmented category 6 Task 2 a) Nowadays, there are several usages of Internet by means of so many ways. There are three basic Internet services: Information (browsing, online-shopping, etc.) Communications (mail, chat, Video conferencing, etc.) Files sharing (downloading, uploading, etc.) b) The connecting suitable for above severs are as follows: For Information service: It can cover only 100 Kbits/s usually prove adequate. For Communication: For video conferencing, bandwidths of no more than 384 Kbits/s usually prove adequate. As for chatting communication, especially for yahoo chat, 28 Kbits/s should be enough. For File Sharing: As for file sharing, bandwidths of more than 1 Mbit/s are most suitable. c) The Internet Service Provider in Myanmar Myanmar Posts and Telecommunications The Myanmar Posts and Telecommunications (MPT), is the sole provider of telecommunication services in Myanmar. It is a Government Agency, operating under the Ministry of Communications, Posts and Telegraphs. It was founded in 1884 as a small Department of Posts and Telegraphs and has grown into the present day Myanma Posts and Telecommunications with approximately 13800 employees of which about 380 are managerial level staff. The present organization is headed by the Managing Director and a General Manager as his deputy. There are nine major departments operating under respective deputy general managers/chief engineers in the fields of administration, works and inspection, planning, training, finance, stores, automatic telephones, overseas communications and long distance communications. The three main categories of services rendered by MPT are the postal services, telegraph services and telephone services, for both domestic and international communications. d) Since, there is only one ISP in our country (Myanmar); we have to use MPT (Myanmar Posts and Telecommunication) as an ISP for our country. Task 3 a) Methods of Two-Way Voice communications Two-way voice communications (radios) are essentially available in three types: Hand-held portable, Vehicle-mounted mobile, and Desktop-base station There are also unique two-way radio devices such as indoor and outdoor call boxes and one-way radio receivers for wireless paging. Hand-held portable two-way radios are the walkie talkie type of radios. As ruled by the FCC (Federal Communications Commission), hand-held radios may not have more than 5 watts of power. Vehicle-mounted mobile two-way radios mount in a car or truck and they use the vehicles battery for power. They may have their own antenna, but better range is achieved by using an externally-mounted antenna. Desktop base station radios use wall AC power and they too may have a built-in antenna, but this antenna may be disconnected and then connected to cable that leads to an external-mounted antenna. The higher the antenna is mounted, the better the range. The vehicle-mounted mobile radios are usually used as base stations by just adding an AC to DC power converter. Mobile and Base station radios are usually more powerful than hand-held radios and may have as much as 100 watts of power. Frequencies There are two major frequency formats for two-way radios. They are Ultra High Frequency (UHF) radio and Very High Frequency (VHF) radio. Neither frequency band is inherently better than the other. They each have their pluses and minuses. Both formats are effective ways to communicate with another person. UHF radio The UHF radio band for commercial radios is between 400 512 MHz. Until recently, it wasnt widely used. Now, the UHF radio frequency is used for two-way radios, GPS, Blue-tooth, cordless phones, and WiFi. VHF radio The VHF radio band for commercial radios is between 130 174 MHz. FM radio, two-way radios, and television broadcasts operate in this range. Both UHF and VHF radios are prone to line of sight factors, but VHF a little more so. The waves make it through trees and rugged landscapes, but not as well as UHF frequencies do. However, if a VHF wave and a UHF wave were transmitted over an area without barriers, the VHF wave would travel almost twice as far. This makes VHF easier to broadcast over a long range. Two-way radios, hand-held portable, vehicle-mounted mobile and desktop base station are full duplex. b) Legal requirement for operation system Two -way radio devices Two-way radio power Antennas Channel usages FCC Licensing Audio Accessories Cases, Holsters, and Belt Clips Batteries Repeaters Drop-in Charger Multi-charging Units Selectable Power Operators Administrators Control station Additional and optional knowledge of two-way voice communication technology Overall knowledge of how to use a selected two-way voice communication device Costs of setting up and operating the system in my country As for hand-held two way voice communication device, according to amazon.com, the costs are as follows: For Cobra CTX400 GMRS/FRS 2-Way Rechargeable Radio with Hands-Free Operation (Pair) $36.88 For Townsville Police Department, total cost for using hand-held two way voice communication device is up to $2065.28. d) Limitations of each method (interference, range, etc.). Product Features 22 Mile Range, 22 Channels 121 Privacy Codes 10 Channel NOAA radio Hands-free operation (VOX) 8 Rechargeable AAA batteries, and a 2 port desk charger included Maximum range extender and belt clip included for maximum efficiency and carrying ease Lead-Free, Eco-Friendly Packaging e) As for following feature Highlights, tow way voice communication should be set up. VOX The Voice Activated Transmit (VOX) feature enables us to use our radio hands free. When VOX is turned on, the radio will automatically begin transmitting when we speak, without pressing the push-to-talk button. VOX works well for any application. On most VOX-capable radios there is a slight delay between when we start speaking and when the microphone turns on so the first part of the conversation may be clipped. Most radio users overcome this by repeating the first word. Military Specification Standards In an effort to achieve standardization objectives for purchases of products used by the military and other government organizations, the U.S. Department of Defense created standards that these products must meet. We will see these standards called military standard, MIL-STD, or MIL-SPEC. These standards ensure products meet certain requirements, commonality, reliability, compatibility, and similar defense-related objectives. According to Military Specification Standards, Townsville Police Department should be used Cobra CTX400 GMRS/FRS 2-Way Rechargeable Radio. Task 4 a) Since AVAYA IP Office 4.0 is only software for PBX telephone system, the main equipment that would be installed is only software. The procedure for the installation is as follows: Installation To establish and maintain an IP DECT installation, a network infrastructure is assumed, which comprises at least the following components: IP Base Stations IP DECT phone IP Office TFTP server (which can be the IP Office or 3rd Party) Depending on the operational requirements the following services should be provided: DHCP SNTP DNS WML/HTTP Syslog daemon b) AVAYA IP Office 4.0 Telephone System (IP DECT) Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunication The standard (ETS 300 175) essentially specifies the air interface, known as the radio interface. Voice and data can both be transmitted via this interface. DECT key technical characteristics are: Frequency range: approximately 1,880 1,900 GHz (approximately 20 MHz bandwidth) 10 carrier frequencies (1,728 MHz spacing) with 12 time slots each Doubling the number of time slots (to 24) using the TDMA process Net data rate per channel of 32 kbit/s (for voice transmission using ADPCM) Voice coding using the ADPCM method Maximum transmission power of 10 mW GAP Generic About the IP DECT Base Stations There are two types of IP Base Station. All IP Base Stations have the same hardware and software capabilities. Indoor IP Base Station The indoor IP Base Station is for indoor use only. It can be powered by a mains adapter or by 802.3af compliant power over Ethernet. Note For Australia and New Zealand the mains adaptor is not currently supported. Only 802.3af compliant power over Ethernet is supported. Outdoor IP Base Station The outdoor IP Base Station can be used outdoors or indoors. The outdoor IP Base Station can only be powered by 802.3af compliant power over Ethernet. Note Avaya Power over Ethernet adaptors are non 802.3af compliant, and therefore cannot power the ADMM. One of the IP Base Station within an IP DECT installation must be chosen (at installation time) to operate as the ADMM. This ADMM mode is in addition to the normal IP Base Station functionality that all the other base stations retain. c) Costs for installing AVAYA IP office There are two models of phones: the 3701 and 3711 phones. Avaya Kirk DECT phones (WT9620 and DT20) function on the IP DECT solution, but the functionality is limited. AVAYA Partner 18D- Digital phone 3 new from $95.00 Avaya 6408D+- Digital phone -multi-line operation Avaya 5621SWP IP Phone (700385982) Avaya IP400 Analog Trunk 4 card Available at external website: Atlas Phones for $199.00 d) Costs for operating the system Avaya IP Office Smart Card w/Voicemail Pro like new, available at external website: Atlas Phones for $1,095.00. Premise-based IP PBX systems vary extremely widely in cost and even more so as we look at wide-scale deployments and future growth and additions to a system. A basic premise-based box for a relatively small number of users say up to 20 in a single location can cost less than $1,000 excluding the phones themselves. But expansion costs and other branch locations can change the cost equation dramatically. In addition, we will have ongoing costs related to connection to the regular phone system and whatever connection costs are imposed by our backbone supplier. These ongoing costs are nevertheless going to be considerably lower than any other form of phone system. They should be lower than hosted VoIP solutions, and they will be dramatically lower than any older PBX and telecommunications provider. Phones are an additional cost, but when buying a premise-based IP PBX system, we often have greater flexibility than in any other arrangement. We can choose to go with very low-cost, no-name or bottom-of-the-line phones (which are still perfectly capable) all the way up to top-notch phones from manufacturers such as Polycom and Siemens that provide usability benefits (although often at a price premium). For Townsville Police Department, AVAYA Partner 18D- Digital phone should be used up to 6 base stations as for details, one Headquarter Reception Area, four Districts, and one serious crime squad. e) Recommendation for AVAYA The IP DECT solution delivers all the benefits of IP-based converged communications with the convenience of in-building wireless communications. Designed to support a large number of users, the IP DECT system enables users to carry a wireless phone and get full access to all the features they are accustomed to using at their desk phone. The IP DECT solution, which connects to the IP Office using a variant of the H.323 protocol, can support users in different offices that are connected via a WAN. An IP DECT cordless handset can travel from one office to another, making and taking calls. The DECT over IP system comprises the following components: At least one IP Base Station connected over an IP network and offering IP DECT as a wireless interface. A maximum of 32 IP Base Stations are supported. IP Office Small Office Edition, IP Office 406v2, 403, 406v1 or 412 with available VCM resources. IP DECT phone: Avaya 3701 and Avaya 3711 wireless phones. A maximum of 120 IP DECT phones are supported. Avaya IP DECT Mobility Manager (ADMM): management interface for IP DECT Wireless Solution, which runs on either one of the IP DECT Base Stations. The picture displayed next page gives a graphical overview of the architecture of the IP DECT Wireless solution. The IP Office, ADMM and the IP Base Stations communicate through the IP infrastructure. The IP Base Stations and the IP DECT phones communicate over air. Graphical overview of the architecture of the IP DECT Wireless solution Task 5 Task (5) This is the detail report for the overall tasks sorting from Task 1 to Task 4.In Task 1, the Townsville Police Department should be used Category 6 UTP by the following reasons:  » Cost and size of media, relative to augmented category 6 and STP  » Installed base currently the dominant UTP cabling standard  » Installation widely accepted And it is suitable for Townsville Police Department. Category 6 supports gigabit Ethernet and is recognized by standards bodies as supporting 10GBASE-T, however there are limitations that must be considered. The IEEE 802.3an standard cites a 55 meter distance limitation for standard category 6, which is not universally agreed upon within the TIA and ISO standards.TIA TSB 155 recently released a Technical Service Bulletin covering additional parameters for running 10GBASE-T on standard category 6. In this document a 37 meter distance limitation is referenced for 10GBASE-T on standards compliant category 6 systems. Between 37 meters and the IEEE referenced 55 meters, standard category 6 may support 10GBASE-T, but it is possible that the installer may have to use alien crosstalk mitigation techniques such as unbundling cables or replacing patch cords to improve the electrical parameters to allow 10GBASE-T to work properly. Above 55 meters, it is unlikely that category 6 UTP would work properly without a large amount of mitigation to reduc e alien crosstalk. A key takeaway is that using category 6 UTP for 10GBASE-T should be focused on existing installations, not new installations. The choice for new installations designed to support 10GBASE-T should be augmented category 6 UTP, STP or optical fiber systems. Townsville Police Department has been restructured within an area of 100 square kilometers. But Townsville PD could not over more than 500 square kilometers because the head departments are divided into four districts (Northern, Eastern, Western and southern). Cat 6 UTP could support that area. For Task 2, the services for internet connections are as follows: Information (browsing, online-shopping, etc.) Communications (mail, chat, Video conferencing, etc.) Files sharing (downloading, uploading, etc.) These services are the most common used for internet. And recommended connection speeds are as follows: For Information service: It can cover only 100 Kbits/s usually prove adequate. For Communication: For video conferencing, bandwidths of no more than 384 Kbits/s usually prove adequate. As for chatting communication, especially for most chatting communications, 28 Kbits/s should be enough. For File Sharing: As for file sharing, bandwidths of more than 1 Mbit/s are most suitable. There is only one Internet Service Provider in our country, Myanmar Ports and Communications. In Task 3, there are too many options for two -way voice communication devices. Two-way voice communications (radios) are essentially available in three types: Hand-held portable, Vehicle-mounted mobile, and Desktop-base station These are most common used for two-way voice communication. And I provided the recommendation the device as follows: Military Specification Standards In an effort to achieve standardization objectives for purchases of products used by the military and other government organizations, the U.S. Department of Defense created standards that these products must meet. We will see these standards called military standard, MIL-STD, or MIL-SPEC. These standards ensure products meet certain requirements, commonality, reliability, compatibility, and similar defense-related objectives. According to Military Specification Standards, Townsville Police Department should be used two way voice communication technology. For Task 4, the main equipments that would be installed are just only the software. There are so many options and vendors that provide telephone known as PBX. Among those vendors, I chose AVAYA IP Office 4.0 Telephone System (IP DECT). As for Townsville Police Department, like military office, it is important to choose the right products. The IP DECT solution delivers all the benefits of IP-based converged communications with the convenience of in-building wireless communications. Designed to support a large number of users, the IP DECT system enables users to carry a wireless phone and get full access to all the features they are accustomed to using at their desk phone. The IP DECT solution, which connects to the IP Office using a variant of the H.323 protocol, can support users in different offices that are connected via a WAN. An IP DECT cordless handset can travel from one office to another, making and taking calls.

jacksonian :: essays papers

jacksonian Although the flood waters of poverty, unemployment, and famine known as the Great Depression began to recede under Hoover’s administration, it was Franklin Delano Roosevelt and his administration who saw to the retreat of the destitute ways of life that had enveloped the nation. When FDR took office, he intended to change the government in order to include help for the plight of the â€Å"forgotten man†. He had a plan for the change known as the â€Å"New Deal†. Roosevelt’s New Deal programs aimed at three R’s - relief, recovery, and reform. Also, through his New Deal programs, one can see all he did during the Depression to relieve suffering and jump start the economy. In the New Deal program, Roosevelt had short and long - range goals. One of his first short-range goals was relief - especially in the first 100 days. At the time of Roosevelt’s inauguration, one out of every four people was unemployed. Since FDR was intent upon ending human suffering first and foremost, he decided to be open about using federal money to aid the unemployed. With the okay from FDR, the Hundred Days Congress passed much legislation in order to help in the first short range goal - to give immediate relief. In 1933, Congress created the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), which provided employment in fresh - air government camps for about 3 million uniformed young men. Their work included reforestation, fire fighting, flood control, and swamp drainage. Also new in 1933 was the Federal Emergency Relief Act (FERA). It was the first major effort of Congress to deal with the unemployed adults, and its chief purpose was immediate relief rather than long-range re covery. Other legislation passed by Congress included the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA), the Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC), and Civil Works Administration (CWA). Roosevelt’s other short - term goal, recovery, was also off to a good start in the first 100 days of FDR’s administration. There were many legislative acts passed by Congress in order to allow for a quick recovery for the nation. The two best examples of recovery in the first 100 days would be the Emergency Banking Relief Act, which allowed the president to regulate banking transactions and foreign exchange and to reopen solvent banks, and the National Industrial Recovery Act. The National Industrial Recovery Act, which created the National Recovery Administration (NRA), designed to assist industry, labor, and the unemployed, and the Public Works Administration (PWA), intended for industrial recovery, as well as unemployment relief.